What Drives Life-History Variation in the Livebearing Fish Poeciliopsis prolifica? An Assessment of Multiple Putative Selective Agents

Andrea J Roth-Monzón,J Jaime Zúñiga-Vega,Mark C Belk,Jerald B Johnson

doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.608046

Andrea J Roth-Monzón, J Jaime Zúñiga-Vega + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.608046

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Abstract

Life-history traits are directly linked to fitness, and therefore, can be highly adaptive. Livebearers have been used as models for understanding the evolution of life histories due to their wide diversity in these traits. Several different selective pressures, including population density, predation, and resource levels, can shape life-history traits. However, these selective pressures are usually considered independently in livebearers and we lack a clear understanding of how they interact in shaping life-history evolution. Furthermore, selective pressures such as interspecific competition are rarely considered as drivers of life-history evolution in poeciliids. Here we test the simultaneous effects of several potential selective pressures on life-history traits in the livebearing fishPoeciliopsis prolifica.We employ a multi-model inference approach. We focus on four known agents of selection: resource availability, stream velocity, population density, and interspecific competition, and their effect on four life-history traits: reproductive allocation, superfetation, number of embryos, and individual embryo size. We found that models with population density and interspecific competition alone were strongly supported in our data and, hence, indicated that these two factors are the most important selective agents for most life-history traits, except for embryo size. When population density and interspecific competition increase there is an increase in each of the three life-history traits (reproductive allocation, superfetation, and number of embryos). For individual embryo size, we found that all single-agent models were equivalent and it was unclear which selective agent best explained variation. We also found that models that included population density and interspecific competition as direct effects were better supported than those that included them as indirect effects through their influence on resource availability. Our study underscores the importance of interspecific competitive interactions on shaping life-history traits and suggests that these interactions should be considered in future life-history studies.

Highlights

Life-history traits can be highly adaptive (Roff, 2002; Chapuis et al, 2017), and can evolve in response to a variety of selective pressures, both biotic and abiotic (Johnson and Bagley, 2011)
We model four hypothetical drivers of life-history variation: resource availability, population density, stream velocity, and interspecific competition, each of which is a potential agent of life-history evolution in livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae; Johnson and Bagley, 2011)
Population density and interspecific competition alone were the best predictors of number of embryos, reproductive allocation, and superfetation in P. prolifica

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Life-history traits can be highly adaptive (Roff, 2002; Chapuis et al, 2017), and can evolve in response to a variety of selective pressures, both biotic and abiotic (Johnson and Bagley, 2011). We model four hypothetical drivers of life-history variation: resource availability, population density, stream velocity, and interspecific competition (see Table 1 for hypotheses), each of which is a potential agent of life-history evolution in livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae; Johnson and Bagley, 2011). We compare these putative selective agents to evaluate the relative importance of each on the evolution of life histories of Poeciliopsis prolifica and test if the effect of each selective agent is in accordance with previous hypotheses (Table 1)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS

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