Abstract
Bisphenol A is an extremely high-volume chemical widely used in polycarbonate plastics, the linings of food and beverage tins, and shopping receipts. Canadians are ubiquitously exposed to bisphenol A and research shows that exposure at environmentally relevant doses causes endocrine disruption. Recent risk assessments and exposure estimates by the European Food Safety Authority have guided increased restrictions around the use of bisphenol A and established a lower tolerable daily intake, while the CLARITY-BPA program in the United States identified several adverse effects below this exposure level. Within the context of bisphenol toxicity and international regulation, this paper describes the need for revised bisphenol A risk assessments in Canada. Completed in 2008, the most recent bisphenol A risk assessment conducted by Health Canada does not include risks from alternative bisphenols or non-dietary exposure. It also does not account for the additive effects caused by simultaneous exposure to multiple endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
Highlights
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an extremely high-volume chemical that has been used for over sixty years to produce many items familiar to Canadians (Figure 1A) [1]
In a recent review analyzing thirty-two studies, the estrogenic effects of Bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) were found to be very similar to BPA [37]
Bisphenol A is a high-volume chemical that has been used extensively for several decades resulting in nearly ubiquitous exposure to Canadians
Summary
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an extremely high-volume chemical that has been used for over sixty years to produce many items familiar to Canadians (Figure 1A) [1]. Exposure occurs mainly through three types of BPA-containing products. The global BPA market is increasing by three percent per year and production is projected to reach six million tonnes annually by 2023 [2,3]. Human exposure is nearly ubiquitous and BPA is detected in more than ninety percent of Canadian urine samples [4]. A tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 25 μg/kg bw/day was established for BPA in Canada in 1996 based on acute toxicity studies in test animals. This value was unchanged during the most recent risk assessment conducted by Health Canada in 2008 [5].
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