Abstract
Increasing air temperatures and changing hydrological conditions in the mountainous Kootenay Region of British Columbia, Canada are expected to affect floodplain wetland extent and function along the Columbia River. The objective of this study was to determine the seasonally inundated hydroperiod for a floodplain section (28.66 km2) of the Upper Columbia River wetlands complex using time series satellite image observations and binary open water mask extraction. A mid pixel resolution (30 m) optical satellite image time series of 61 clear sky scenes from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensors were used to map temporal variations in floodplain open water wetland extent during the April to October hydrologically active season from 1984 to 2019 (35 years). The hydroperiod from the first 31 scenes (T1: 18 years) was compared to the second 30 (T2: 16 years) to identify changes in the permanent and seasonal open water bodies. The seasonal variation in open water extent and duration was similar across the two time periods but the permanent water body extent diminished by ~16% (or ~3.5% of the floodplain). A simple linear model (r2 = 0.87) was established to predict floodplain open water extent as a function of river discharge downstream of the case study area. Four years of Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) data from 1992 to 1995 (12 scenes) were examined to evaluate the feasibility of extending the hydroperiod record back to 1972 using lower resolution (60 m) archive data. While the MSS hydroperiod produced a similar pattern of open water area to duration to the TM/OLI hydroperiod, small open water features were omitted or expanded due to the lower resolution. While MSS could potentially extend the TM/OLI hydroperiod record, this was not performed as the loss of features like the river channel diminished its value for change detection purposes. Radarsat 2 scenes from 2015 to 2019 were examined to evaluate the feasibility of continued mountain valley hydroperiod monitoring using higher spatial and temporal resolution sensors like the Radarsat Constellation Mission (RCM). From the available horizontal transmit/receive (HH) single polarization sample set (8 scenes), the hydroperiod pattern of open water extent to duration was similar to the longer Landsat time series and possessed greater feature detail, but it was significantly reduced in seasonal inundation area due to the systematic omission of open water areas containing emergent vegetation. However, accepting that differences exist in sensor-based hydroperiod attributes, the higher temporal resolution of RCM will be suited to mountain floodplain inundation monitoring and open water hydroperiod analysis.
Highlights
IntroductionWetland habitats have been destroyed globally due to human disturbance, agriculture, dams, urban and industrial development, and more recently due to climate change [1,2,3]
“no open water” and “always open water”, respectively, while all intermediate observation frequencies have been aggregated to 10% quantile intervals.) From the 20% to 100% observation frequency, to 2019 (T2) demonstrates a consistently reduced area of up to 3% of the floodplain extent (Figure 5)
T2 shows an almost 8% increase at the 0% observation frequency that represents areas of the floodplain that have not displayed any open water during the observation record (Table 1). (Note: “no open water” (0% frequency) observation statistics are presented to be complete and because any increase or decrease in area not experiencing seasonal inundation is of interest
Summary
Wetland habitats have been destroyed globally due to human disturbance, agriculture, dams, urban and industrial development, and more recently due to climate change [1,2,3]. Floodplain marsh wetlands tend to be dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants while underlain by poorly drained mineral soils, often resulting in both permanently and seasonally inundated water bodies. Floodplain water levels and extents in mountain regions can fluctuate frequently and rapidly as a result of snowmelt and rainfall events [9,10] and initiate a range of biological responses [11,12,13,14]. With projected climate change indicating altered temperature and precipitation trends across many regions, changes in wetland and floodplain inundation extent are likely [6,15,16,17,18]. There is a need, for further research into wetland mapping, inventory and monitoring to enhance our understanding of long-term wetland change and vulnerability [19]
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