Well-Designed N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for Palladium-Catalyzed Denitrative C–N Coupling of Nitroarenes with Amines

Abstract

The C–N bond formation is one of the fundamental reactions in organic chemistry, because of the widespread presence of amine moieties in pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds. Palladium-catalyzed C–N coupling of haloarenes represents one of the most efficient approaches to aromatic amines. Nitroarenes are ideal alternative electrophilic coupling partners, since they are inexpensive and readily available. The denitration and cross-coupling using nitroarenes as the electrophilic partners is challenging, because of the low reactivity of the Ar–NO2 bond toward oxidative addition. We report here the C–N coupling of nitroarenes and amines using palladium/5-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)imidazolylidene[1,5-a]pyridines as the catalyst. The ligands are readily available from commercial chemicals. The reaction shows broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance. The method is applicable to both aromatic and aliphatic amines, and many secondary and tertiary aromatic amines bearing various functional g...