Abstract
Three field experiments were conducted over a three-year period (2009 to 2011) to evaluate various preplant incorporated (PPI) herbicides in white bean in Ontario, Canada. There was minimal visible injury in white bean for any of the treatments evaluated. The control of AMARE, AMBEL, CHEAL, SETVI, and SINAR ranged 91%-93%, 13%-21%, 56%-92%, 96%-98%, and 16%-24% with pendimethalin, 93%-99%, 34%-43%, 65%-99%, 95%-100%, and 20%-47% with trifluralin, 66%-77%, 61%-76%, 64%-86%, 94%-99%, and 52%-74% with EPTC, 92%-98%, 27%-48%, 28%-76%, 96%-99%, and 33%-59% with s-metolachlor, 98% - 99%, 50%-72%, 33%-88%, 98%-99%, and 56%-78% with dimethenamid, and 98%-100%, 72%-84%, 97%-100%, 77%-88%, and 98%-100% with imazethapyr, respectively. Weed density and dry weight reduction were similar to visible weed control. Imazethapyr applied PPI at the 75 g ai ha-1 provided yield equivalent to the weed-free check in 2009 and 2011. All other herbicide treatments had significantly lower yield than weed-free check. All herbicide treatments except pendimethalin at 1080 g ai ha-1, EPTC at 4400 g ai ha-1, and imazethapyr at 75 g ai ha-1 had yield equivalent to the weed-free check in 2010. Based on environmental impact (EI) analysis, the herbicide program with the lowest environmental risk was imazethapyr followed by dimethenamid-p, trifluralin, s-metolachlor, EPTC, and then pendimethalin. Economic analysis of herbicide treatments evaluated indicates that imazethapyr had the greatest positive impact on profit margins, followed by dimethenamid-p and EPTC, followed by s-metolachlor and trifluralin and then pendimethalin.
Highlights
North America is the largest producer of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the world [1]
Based on environmental impact (EI) analysis, the herbicide program with the lowest environmental risk was imazethapyr followed by dimethenamid-p, trifluralin, s-metolachlor, EPTC, and pendimethalin
Economic analysis of herbicide treatments evaluated indicates that imazethapyr had the greatest positive impact on profit margins, followed by dimethenamid-p and EPTC, followed by s-metolachlor and trifluralin and pendimethalin
Summary
North America is the largest producer of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the world [1]. In 2010, Ontario growers planted approximately 34,000 hectares and produced 82,600 tonnes of white bean with a farm gate value of $55,200,000 [2]. White bean has short stature and is not a strong competitor with weeds. Weed interference can result in large yield losses, reduce harvest efficiency, and may stain white bean resulting in reduced market value [3,4,5]. Troublesome weeds in white bean production in Ontario include common lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), Solanum spp. More research is needed to identify herbicides that have an adequate margin of crop safety, provide consistent weed control, have low environmental impact and maximize dry bean yield and net returns to white bean growers in Ontario
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