Abstract
We live under constant assault from a variety of pathogens. Pathogen exposure will be more or less harmful depending on host factors, including immune status, and, as Telfer et al. (p. [243][1]; see the Perspective by [Lafferty][2] ) point out, the presence of co-infecting pathogens. In a time-series study of wild voles and four pathogens, co-infection had a larger effect on disease than any other factor. For example, infection with cowpox virus increased susceptibility and prolonged bacterial co-infections. Conversely, an ongoing infection with the bacterium Anaplasma reduced the rodents' susceptibility to the protozoan Babesia . In turn, chronic infection with Babesia limited susceptibility to the bacterium Bartonella . [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1190333 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1196915
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