Weaknesses of Federalism in Somalia and Required Reforms

Abstract

This study critically examines the federal governance system in Somalia, identifying significant areas of weakness that undermine its efficiency and effectiveness. These include an unclear definition of the type of federalism practiced, ineffective dispute resolution mechanisms between the federal government and member states, limited federal capacity and resources, lack of consensus on key issues prior to federalism’s adoption, and poor coordination between the federal government and member states. The lack of clarity regarding the federal system, exacerbated by constitutional contradictions, ambiguous processes, and incomplete definitions, poses substantial challenges in implementing and assessing federalism. Ineffectual mechanisms for resolving disputes have been further compromised by an “un-federalized” legal framework and a paralyzed democratization process influenced by the 4.5 clan representation system. Resource mismanagement and role duplication between federal and member states have led to resource wastage. The study suggests key areas for reform to address these issues, including enhancing political inclusion, completing constitutional review, clarifying roles and powers, establishing transparent state creation processes, and strengthening institutional capacities. Implementing these reforms is crucial for harnessing federalism’s potential to contribute to Somalia’s political, social, and economic development