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Abstract
Most guidelines on wave overtopping over coastal structures are based on conditions with waves from one direction only. Here, wave basin tests with oblique wave attack are presented where waves from one direction are combined with waves from another direction. This is especially important for locations where wind waves approach a coastal structure under a specific direction while swell waves approach the coastal structure under another direction. The tested structure was a dike with a smooth and impermeable 1:4 slope. The test programme consisted of four types of wave loading: (1) Wind waves only: “sea” (approaching the structure with an angle of 45°), (2) Wind waves and swell waves from the same direction (45°), (3) Wind waves and swell waves, simultaneously from two different directions (45° and −45°, thus perpendicular to each other), and (4) Wind waves, simultaneously from two different directions (45° and −45°, thus perpendicular to each other). Existing guidelines on wave overtopping have been extended to predict wave overtopping discharges under the mentioned types of wave loading (oblique sea and swell conditions).
Highlights
The prediction of the amount of wave overtopping during storms is important for the design and evaluation of flood protection structures, for instance to determine the crest height, the protection of the crest and inner slope of dikes, and the volumes of water that need to be drained from the landward side of the structure
Guidelines on wave overtopping over coastal structures are based on conditions with waves from one direction only, either waves approaching structures perpendicular or structures with an oblique wave attack
A simultaneous wave attack by wave fields with different wave directions is of special importance for locations where wind waves approach a coastal structure under a specific direction while swell waves approach the coastal structure under another direction
Summary
The prediction of the amount of wave overtopping during storms is important for the design and evaluation of flood protection structures, for instance to determine the crest height, the protection of the crest and inner slope of dikes, and the volumes of water that need to be drained from the landward side of the structure. A simultaneous wave attack by wave fields with different wave directions is of special importance for locations where wind waves approach a coastal structure under a specific direction while swell waves approach the coastal structure under another direction Such bimodal seas with sea states from different directions (crossing seas) have, for instance, been discussed in [1,2,3]. A widely used method to estimate the mean wave overtopping discharge for structures in relatively deep water is based on [4]:. The reliability of Equations (1) and (2) can be expressed by assuming the coefficients 4.75 and 2.6 as normally distributed stochastic parameters with standard deviations σ4.75 = 0.5, σ2.6 = 0.35 Another method to estimate the mean wave overtopping discharge for structures in relatively deep water is described in [5] and mentioned in [13]:
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