Watershed Grouping Based on Suspended Sediment Yield Using Morphological Criteria: A Comparison of Hierarchical and Nonhierarchical Techniques

Abstract

ABSTRACTRegional sediment analysis methods have traditionally been used to reliably estimate sediment yield in ungauged watersheds with adequate hydrometric stations. Watershed‐grouping techniques are a suitable approach for estimating sediment load, which can be used to assess erosion processes, and surface water quality, and plan soil and water conservation measures. Additionally, the relationship between sediment yield and watershed characteristics can be used to identify different stages of erosion evolution and prioritize watersheds for conservation efforts. To this end, this study aimed to assess the applicability of various analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methods, including Ward's, Single linkage, and β‐flexible methods, as well as the nonhierarchical fuzzy C‐means (FCM) method in the Gorganroud and Qareh‐Sou watersheds of northern Iran based on hydrological, geological, climatic, physiographical, and land‐use characteristics. Furthermore, the study evaluated clustering methods to determine the optimal number of subwatershed clusters. The AHP methods identified two, three, or four clusters, while the FCM method identified three clusters as the best number of clusters. The results indicated that the FCM method had a well‐regionalized estimation in the study area with the maximum amount of validation indices (The highest Dunn coefficient 0.31–0.65, the lowest TESS 16.62–36.8, and acceptable Pseudo‐F coefficient 8.1–10.4). Notably, the fuzzy clustering methods associated each input sample with two or more clusters, which reduced the uncertainty of sediment yield estimation. The recommended clustering method can be used for regional sediment analysis in ungauged watersheds and evaluated against other hydrological variables in the study area.