Water use in a riparian cottonwood ecosystem: Eddy covariance measurements and scaling along a river corridor

Abstract

The survival of riparian forests depends on water input from their adjacent rivers. There are multiple, additional demands on river water that threatens to reduce the water supply, prompting the question, how much water must be left flowing within a river to sustain the native riparian ecosystems? To address this, we made eddy covariance measurements of riparian cottonwood forest evapotranspiration (ET) in a representative site and used remote sensing and the Penman-Monteith equation to up-scale ET along the 171km river corridor from the Oldman River Dam to Lethbridge, Alberta. Our study was conducted in two growing seasons with contrasting weather conditions, including one with over-bank flooding (2014). Measured cumulative forest ET from May-September (2014: 451±90mm; 2015: 411±18mm) was very similar in the two years despite contrasting May-September cumulative precipitation input (2014: 362mm; 2015: 181mm). Integrated over the 56km2 area of riparian forest along the Oldman River corridor, the cumulative forest ET during May-September was 19.1 million m3 (339mm/season), about 0.9% of the average cumulative Oldman River discharge during 2008–2013. Cottonwood forest ET during May-June was less than 1% of average river flow rates during 2008–2013, but the ratio of ET to average river flow rate increased markedly to peak values of 4–5% in late July and early August. Our analysis indicated that the water-use rates of riparian cottonwood forests were high, even for a broad-leaf deciduous forest functional type, particularly given the modest leaf area index (1.4m2m−2) we measured for riparian forests along the Oldman River corridor. The high ET rates were possible because of tree access to alluvial groundwater to support transpiration. Our ET measurements and calculations provided perspective on riparian forest water use in relation to precipitation inputs and total river discharge, knowledge that is important for successfully managing the multiple demands on river water use.