Water Security Assessment of China’s One Belt and One Road Region

Zhaofang Zhang,Dagmawi Degefu,Zaiyi Liao,Liang Yuan,Xia Wu,Min An,Weijun He,Juqin Shen

doi:10.3390/w11030607

Zhaofang Zhang, Dagmawi Degefu + Show 6 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030607

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Abstract

The sustainable development of socioeconomic and environmental systems are highly dependent on water capital and water utilization efficiency. Nowadays, a significant portion of the world is facing water security issues due to a combination of various factors. As a result, socioeconomic and environmental systems are threatened. China is also currently experiencing problems. Water security assessment helps to identify key determining factors for optimal water utilization, so the authors present the Driving Forces-Pressures-Carrying Capacity-State-Impacts-Responses (DPSCIR) water security assessment framework. Unlike previous methods, the proposed framework incorporates the carrying capacity of the environment, and as a result, yields assessment results that are more realistic. As a case study, the proposed framework coupled with the entropy method is applied to assess the water security status of the One Belt and One Road (B&R) region in China. In addition, the water security level of the provinces and municipalities in this region are simulated for the time period from 2017 to 2022 using the Grey Prediction Model. The results show that Responses, State, Pressures, and Carrying Capacity Subsystems greatly influence water security of the region. According to the assessment, water security of the area improved from 2011 to 2016. The results portray the following trend among the three subregions of the study area, the water security of the 21st Maritime Silk Road (One Road) area is better than Silk Road Economic Belt (One Belt) and the Strategy Support and Pivotal Gateway (SSPG) of B&R areas. Generally, from the evaluation results it can be concluded that only focusing on the subsystem of Responses cannot entirely address the water security problems within the B&R area. Therefore, to ensure sustainable water security in the region and in the country, the government needs to design water resource management mechanisms that take all the subsystems into account.

Highlights

Different parts of the world are facing serious water scarcity challenges [1]
The overall water security trend shows the One Belt area is better than the Strategy Support and Pivotal Gateway (SSPG) area, and the SSPG area is better than the One Road area
From the assessment of water security in provinces and municipalities of the Belt and One Road (B&R) in China for the time period from 2011 to 2016, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Water security level is dynamic. It is highly influenced by the subsystem of Responses, State, Pressures, and Carrying Capacity

Summary

Introduction

Different parts of the world are facing serious water scarcity challenges [1]. In 1962 and 2014, freshwater availability per capita throughout the world was 13,360.32 m3 and 5925.67 m3 , respectively [3]. More water will be needed to produce the estimated 60% of the extra food needed by 2050 [4]. This is seriously increasing the vulnerability of socioeconomic and ecological systems’ changes in water quantity and quality [5]. Uneven temporal and spatial distribution of water resources is the main cause of water shortage. This case is no different in China.

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Results

Conclusion