Abstract
BackgroundWith the increasing popularity of water-pipe smoking (WPS), it is critical to comprehend how WPS may affect women’s health. The main goal of this study is to identify the potential outcome of WPS on human breast cancer progression.MethodsTwo breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and BT20, were used in this investigation. We explored the outcome of WPS on cell morphology and cell invasion using inverted microscope and Biocoat Matrigel invasion chambers. On the other hand, Western blot was employed to study the expression patterns of key control genes of cell adhesion and invasion.ResultsOur data reveal that WPS induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MCF7 and BT20 breast cancer cell lines; thus, WPS enhances cell invasion ability of both cell lines in comparison with their matched controls. More significantly, WPS provokes a down- and up-regulation of E-cadherin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), respectively, which are important key regulators of cancer progression genes. Finally, our data point out that WPS incites the activation of Erk1/Erk2, which could be behind the stimulation of EMT and invasion as well as the deregulation of E-cadherin and FAK expression.ConclusionOur data show, for the first time, that WPS initiates EMT and stimulates cell invasion of breast cancer cells, which could incite metastatic development in breast cancer patients. Thus, we believe that further studies, both in vitro and in vivo, are required to elucidate the pathogenic outcome of WPS on cancer progression of several human carcinomas including breast.
Highlights
With the increasing popularity of water-pipe smoking (WPS), it is critical to comprehend how WPS may affect women’s health
In order to study the effect of WPS on human breast carcinogenesis, we examined the outcome of WPS on two non- invasive breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and BT20
Our data revealed that treatment of human breast cancer cells with 100–200 μg/ml of WPS solution for 3 and 8 days slightly deregulates cell cycle progression and increases colony formation, respectively, of MCF7 and BT20 cell lines in comparison with untreated cells
Summary
With the increasing popularity of water-pipe smoking (WPS), it is critical to comprehend how WPS may affect women’s health. It has been well established that cigarette smoking can have multiple adverse effects on human health including cardiovascular and lung diseases as well as several types of cancers such as breast [12,13,14,15]. It has been pointed out that cigarette smoking enhances cell invasion and metastatic development of different types of cancer by the initiation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) [19,20,21], which is the hallmark of cancer progression [22]. It is evident that tobacco smoking can play an important role in the development and progression of several human carcinomas including breast. We believe that more, in vitro and in vivo, investigations are necessary to elucidate the outcome of WPS in breast cancer progression
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