Abstract
Abstract Water hammer refers to fluctuations caused by a sudden increase or decrease in flow velocity. These pressure fluctuations can be severe enough to rupture a water main. Potential water hammer problems should be considered when pipeline design is evaluated, and a thorough surge analysis should be undertaken, in many instances, to avoid costly malfunctions in a distribution system. Every major system design change or operation change—such as the demand for higher flow rates—should include consideration of potential water hammer problems. This phenomenon and its significance to both the design and operation of water systems is not widely understood, as evidenced by the number and frequency of failures caused by water hammer.
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