Abstract
The way to decarbonization will be characterized by the huge production of hydrogen through sustainable routes. Thus, the basic production way is water electrolysis sustained by renewable energy sources allowing for obtaining “green hydrogen”. The present paper reviews the main available technologies for the water electrolysis finalized to the hydrogen production. We describe the fundamental of water electrolysis and the problems related to purification and/or desalinization of water before electrolysis. As a matter of fact, we describe the energy efficiency issues with particular attention to the potential application in the steel industry. The fundamental aspects related to the choice of high-temperature or low-temperature technologies are analyzed.
Highlights
Ironmaking and Steelmaking are complex processing routes with many fundamental steps
If hydrogen is produced through renewable energy sources, it allows for an emission-free scenario in those industries where it can be employed
More than 90% of the produced hydrogen is obtained from fossil fuels through processes such as coal gasification or natural gas reforming; only 4% of hydrogen is produced via water electrolysis
Summary
Ironmaking and Steelmaking are complex processing routes with many fundamental steps. The main difference with the previously described technologies is that hydrogen and oxygen gases are produced in two separate and different moments These are known as an Electrochemical (E) step and a Thermally Activated Chemical (TAC) step (Figure 4). The main difference with the previously described technologies is that hydrogen and oxyMetals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEgWen gases are produced in two separate and different moments These are know6nofa29s an Electrochemical (E) step and a Thermally Activated Chemical (TAC) step (Figure 4). Alkaline electrolysis is based on the contemporary oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions taking place at high temperatures In this solution, the membrane does not allow the O2/H2 crossover. Alkaline electrolysis is based on the contemporary oxygen and h7yofd2r9ogen evolution reactions taking place at high temperatures Tthoebpeovsesirbyilciotymopfeotiptievreatiinngtewrmitsholfoewnergy balance. anode potential leads this system to be very competitive in terms of energy balance
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