Water Crisis in Petorca Basin, Chile: The Combined Effects of a Mega-Drought and Water Management

Ariel A Muñoz,Álvaro González-Reyes,Roberto O Chávez,Duncan Christie,Pilar Barría,Karin Klock-Barría,José A Lastra,Isabella Aguilera-Betti,Carlos Lequesne,Moises Rojas-Badilla,Camila Alvarez-Garreton

doi:10.3390/w12030648

Abstract

Since 2010, Chile has experienced one of the most severe droughts over the last century, the so-called mega-drought (MD). The MD conditions, combined with intensive agricultural activities and the current water management system, have led to water scarcity problems in Mediterranean and Semi-arid regions of Chile. An emblematic case is the Petorca basin, where a water crisis is undergone. To characterize this crisis, we analyzed water provision by using tree-ring records, remote sensing, instrumental data, and allocated water rights within the basin. Results indicate that the MD is the most severe dry period over the last 700-years of streamflow reconstruction. During the MD, streamflow and water bodies of the upper parts of the basin have been less affected than mid and low areas of this valley, where consumptive withdrawals reach up to 18% of the mean annual precipitation. This extracted volume is similar to the MD mean annual precipitation deficits. The impacts of the current drought, along with the drier climate projections for Central Chile, emphasize the urgency for faster policy changes related to water provision. Climate change adaptation plans and policies should enhance the current monitoring network and the public control of water use to secure the water access for inhabitants and productive activities.

Highlights

Chile is amongst the countries with highest risks of being affected by water stress in America [1].due to the effects of climate change, an increase in extreme drought events is projected for the country, especially for the second half of the 21st century [2]
The mega-drought (MD) period has been the driest period ever registered in the Petorca basin within the last 700 years, and together with the unsustainable water use rates have propitiated water scarcity conditions and triggered a social water crisis
An urgent response of the national authorities and the local stakeholders to improve the water management is needed in order to provide short- and long-term solutions to the current water crisis and the projected water scarcity

Summary

Introduction

Chile is amongst the countries with highest risks of being affected by water stress in America [1]. Due to the effects of climate change, an increase in extreme drought events is projected for the country, especially for the second half of the 21st century [2]. Starting in 2010 and up to date, a mega-drought (MD) has affected Central Chile (CC, 32–37◦ S), with a persistent multi-year condition that has been assessed as unusual in the context of the last century [8]. Central Chile, characterized by a semi-arid climate, where most of the population lives [10]

Results

Discussion

Conclusion