Abstract
Simple SummaryThe identity of Jack the Ripper remains one of the greatest unsolved crime mysteries in history. Jack was notorious both for the brutality of his murders and also for his habit of stealing organs from his victims. His speed and skill in doing so, in conditions of poor light and haste, fueled theories he was a surgeon. However, re-examination of a mortuary sketch from one of his victims has revealed several key aspects that strongly suggest he had no professional surgical training. Instead, the technique used was more consistent with that of a slaughterhouse worker. There were many small-scale slaughterhouses in East London in the 1880s, within which conditions were harsh for animals and workers alike. The brutalizing effects of such work only add to concerns highlighted by modern research that those who commit violence on animals are more likely to target people. Modern slaughterhouses are more humane in some ways but more desensitizing in others, and sociological research has indicated that communities with slaughterhouses are more likely to experience the most violent of crimes. The implications for modern animal slaughtering, and our social reliance on slaughterhouses, are explored.Hundreds of theories exist concerning the identity of “Jack the Ripper”. His propensity for anatomical dissection with a knife—and in particular the rapid location and removal of specific organs—led some to speculate that he must have been surgically trained. However, re-examination of a mortuary sketch of one of his victims has revealed several aspects of incisional technique highly inconsistent with professional surgical training. Related discrepancies are also apparent in the language used within the only letter from Jack considered to be probably authentic. The techniques he used to dispatch his victims and retrieve their organs were, however, highly consistent with techniques used within the slaughterhouses of the day. East London in the 1880s had a large number of small-scale slaughterhouses, within which conditions for both animals and workers were exceedingly harsh. Modern sociological research has highlighted the clear links between the infliction of violence on animals and that inflicted on humans, as well as increased risks of violent crimes in communities surrounding slaughterhouses. Conditions within modern slaughterhouses are more humane in some ways but more desensitising in others. The implications for modern animal slaughtering, and our social reliance on slaughterhouses, are explored.
Highlights
There appears to be something about slaughterhouse work in particular, that predisposes toward violent crime
Re-examination of a mortuary sketch of one of his victims has revealed key aspects of the incisional technique used that are highly inconsistent with professional surgical training
A very large number of small-scale slaughterhouses existed within the districts in which the murders occurred
Summary
In 1888, the streets of London were rough and poorly lit. In Whitechapel and surrounding areas, times were hard, and work started early for some. Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols had died only some 10 minutes earlier Her throat had been cut twice and her abdomen mutilated with a series of violent, jagged incisions [1] The victims were all physically overpowered, and swiftly had their throats cut, in populated areas, whilst making barely a sound, suggesting that Jack possessed considerable physical strength Another theory suggests that Jack was the estranged husband of the fifth and final victim, Mary Jane Kelly, and that the first four victims were used as decoys. In very poor light, and with the body awkwardly positioned at ground level, Jack successfully completed this task with a speed that would have put most medical students to shame He created several relatively delicate cuts to her face, and had vanished into the night by the time PC Watkins reappeared.
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