Abstract
Vysoce nebezpeÄnĂŠ nĂĄkazy (VNN) majĂ spoleÄnĂŠ charakteristiky, a to zĂĄvaĹžnĂ˝ klinickĂ˝ prĹŻbÄh s pomÄrnÄ velkou smrtnostĂ a vysokou nakaĹžlivost s vĂ˝znamnĂ˝m potenciĂĄlem pro rychlĂŠ ĹĄĂĹenĂ v lidskĂŠ populaci. KlinickĂŠ jednotky patĹĂcĂ mezi VNN mohou splĹovat obÄ charakteristiky zĂĄroveĹ nebo jen jednu z nich. ZmÄny v ĹživotnĂm prostĹedĂ i ve zpĹŻsobu chovĂĄnĂ lidstva napomĂĄhajĂ vzniku a ĹĄĂĹenĂ VNN. ProtiepidemickĂĄ opatĹenĂ pro zvlĂĄdĂĄnĂ VNN se obecnÄ dÄlĂ na preventivnĂ a represivnĂ. Ve 21. stoletĂ byl zaznamenĂĄn vĂ˝skyt tĹech novĂ˝ch VNN koronavirovĂŠ etiologie zoonotickĂŠho pĹŻvodu, kterĂĄ zpĹŻsobila respiraÄnĂ onemocnÄnĂ (SARS, MERS, Covid-19), liĹĄĂcĂ se svojĂ smrtnostĂ. Nemoc Covid-19 je v poĹadĂ tĹetĂ vysoce patogennĂ lidskou koronavirovou nĂĄkazou. PĹestoĹže mĂĄ nejmenĹĄĂ smrtnost, tak ukĂĄzala obrovskou schopnost rychlĂŠho ĹĄĂĹenĂ ve vnĂmavĂŠ populaci a stala se nejzĂĄvaĹžnÄjĹĄĂ zdravotnĂ hrozbou v novodobĂŠ historii. Boj s nĂĄkazou komplikuje vysokĂ˝ podĂl bezpĹĂznakovĂŠho nosiÄstvĂ, jehoĹž epidemiologickĂ˝ vĂ˝znam pro ĹĄĂĹenĂ nĂĄkazy nenĂ zcela objasnÄn. StejnÄ jako prozatĂm chybĂ informace o dĂŠlce imunity po prodÄlĂĄnĂ nĂĄkazy nebo oÄkovĂĄnĂ.
Highlights
Contagious infections (HCI) have common characteristics, namely a serious clinical course with relatively high mortality and high infectivity with a significant potential for rapid spread in the human population
Clinical units belonging to Highly contagious infections (HCI) can meet both characteristics at the same time or only one of them
The struggle against the disease is complicated by the high proportion of asymptomatic carriers, the epidemiological significance of whom for the spread of the disease has not been fully elucidated
Summary
ABSTRACT Highly contagious infections (HCI) have common characteristics, namely a serious clinical course with relatively high mortality and high infectivity with a significant potential for rapid spread in the human population. In the 21st century, three new HCI of coronavirus etiology and zoonotic origin have occurred, causing respiratory diseases (SARS, MERS, Covid-19), with various mortality. Vysoce nebezpečné nákazy (VNN) jsou z epidemiologického, ale i klinického hlediska velmi heterogenní skupina infekčních onemocnění. Tyto nákazy mají společné charakteristiky, a to závažný klinický průběh s poměrně velkou smrtností a vysokou nakažlivost s významným potenciálem pro rychlé šíření v lidské populaci.
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