Vulvo-vaginal aging

Abstract

Age produces changes in the vulva and vagina, but the key moment is the decrease in estrogen, the main cause of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA). The main consequence of a hypoestrogenic environment are signs and symptoms that can adversely affect tissues as the labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, clitoris, vagina, urethra, urethral meatus, bladder, pelvic floor muscles, and periurethral anterior vaginal wall.After menopause, the vaginal epithelium loses its rugae, and tissues grow thin and pale. Elastic fibers are fragmented and connective tissue increases. Elasticity is reduced, and the vagina is shortened and narrowed and has reduced distensibility. As vaginal secretions decrease, lubrication is reduced.