Vortex-induced instabilities and accelerated collapse due to inertial effects of density stratification

Abstract

A vortex placed at a density interface winds it into an ever-tighter spiral. We show that this results in a combination of a centrifugal Rayleigh–Taylor (CRT) instability and a spiral Kelvin–Helmholtz (SKH) type of instability. The SKH instability arises because the density interface is not exactly circular, and dominates at large times. Our analytical study of an inviscid idealized problem illustrates the origin and nature of the instabilities. In particular, the SKH is shown to grow slightly faster than exponentially. The predicted form lends itself for checking by a large computation. From a viscous stability analysis using a finite-cored vortex, it is found that the dominant azimuthal wavenumber is smaller for lower Reynolds number. At higher Reynolds numbers, disturbances subject to the combined CRT and SKH instabilities grow rapidly, on the inertial time scale, while the flow stabilizes at low Reynolds numbers. Our direct numerical simulations are in good agreement with these studies in the initial stages, after which nonlinearities take over. At Atwood numbers of 0.1 or more, and a Reynolds number of 6000 or greater, both stability analysis and simulations show a rapid destabilization. The result is an erosion of the core, and breakdown into a turbulence-like state. In studies at low Atwood numbers, the effect of density on the inertial terms is often ignored, and the density field behaves like a passive scalar in the absence of gravity. The present study shows that such treatment is unjustified in the vicinity of a vortex, even for small changes in density when the density stratification is across a thin layer. The study would have relevance to any high-Péclet-number flow where a vortex is in the vicinity of a density-stratified interface.