Abstract
A simple, fast, sensitive and low-cost voltammetric method using a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) is presented in this work for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), paracetamol (PA), dextromethorphan (DX) and caffeine (CF) in both pharmaceutical formulations and samples of environmental interest. The oxidative peak current displayed linear dependence on concentration within the range 1.7–60.5, 0.6–40.0, 0.9–8.4 (1st linear part) and 1.8–22.0 mg L−1 for AA, PA, DX and CF, respectively; and detection limits of 0.5, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 mg L−1, respectively. The developed differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) method was validated using both a pharmaceutical product and a spiked well water sample. A very good agreement between the determined and the theoretical label drug content and recoveries in the range of 99.5–100.8% were obtained for pharmaceutical product and well water samples, respectively.
Highlights
Using Screen-Printed Electrodes.An increase of the global population, longer life expectancies and changes in clinical practices have led to increased pharmaceutical consumption worldwide [1], with over 1000 billion US dollars in global pharmaceutical sales in 2020 [2]
−1 dextromethorphan and caffeine solutions performed in 0.1 mol L acetic/acetate buffer at d pH values: (a) pHpH
Differential pulse voltammetry coupled to a screen-printed carbon electrode was used for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, paracetamol, dextromethorphan and caffeine. pH was firstly optimized obtaining the best differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) response in 0.1 mol L−1 acetic/acetate buffer at pH 5.00
Summary
Using Screen-Printed Electrodes.An increase of the global population, longer life expectancies and changes in clinical practices have led to increased pharmaceutical consumption worldwide [1], with over 1000 billion US dollars in global pharmaceutical sales in 2020 [2]. Pharmaceutical consumption has diversified, mainly to cover emerging needs of strong economies while still attending “traditional” diseases that persist in less-developed areas [1]. Typical concentrations in environmental waters are at the level of ng L−1 [5–7] and the main sources of pharmaceutical residues include industrial and hospital effluents, sewage treatment plants and septic tanks [4]. All this has led to pharmaceuticals being considered an important group of emerging contaminants that need to be monitored [6–8]. No legal limits have been established yet but a strategic approach to the risks from pharmaceuticals in the environment has already been set out in the European Union [9]
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