Abstract
Volatile components of Haplophyllum canaliculatum Boiss. grown in Iran were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The components were analyzed by means of GC and GC-MS. The extraction time and temperature for HS-SPME, microwave, power, and exposure time of extraction for SFME were optimized. Twenty-five compounds that represent 99.88% of total compounds in the oil were obtained by the HD method, and the major components for this method were identified as β-pinene (18.90%), 1,8-cineole (13.94%), and piperitone (12.22%). However, piperitone (34.50%), caryophyllene oxide (9.94%), and a-eudesmol were the main compounds among twenty-one constituents, representing 99.89% of the total composition that were characterized in volatiles extracted by the SFME method. Moreover, thirteen compounds, representing 99.95% of the total constituents, were characterized in volatile fraction extracted by the HS-SPME method, which were dominated by β-pinene (21.13%), a-pinene (13.07%), limonene (11.65%), and δ-2-carene (10.23%) as major constituents.
Highlights
Introduction e genusHaplophyllum belongs to the Rutaceae family, and its eighteen species are present in Iran. ese species are scattered in different regions of Iran
Literature survey revealed that the chemical composition of some species of Haplophyllum was studied previously. β-ocimene (12.3%) and β-caryophyllene (11.6%) were the main constituents in the essential oil of H. tuberculatum from Oman [2]. e volatile fraction of H. tuberculatum from the United Arab Emirate was dominated by linalool (15.0%) and linalyl acetate (10.6%) as main compounds [3]. e major constituents in the essential oil of H. linifolium from Spain which was characterized were β-caryophyllene (20.64%), bicyclogermacrene (14.73%), and d-cadinene (13.40%) [4]
GC-MS analysis of H. canaliculatum collected from Shiraz, Fars, Iran, showed that shoot cultures mainly contained piperitone (10.92%) and β-caryophyllene (12.67%) [6]. e essential oil of Haplophyllum buhsei Boiss. from Iran was analyzed for the first time using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). e major compounds were β-caryophyllene (12.9%), limonene (9.7%), β-pinene (7.9%), linalool (7.4%), α-pinene (6.4%), and 1,8-cineole (5.5%) [7]
Summary
Voucher specimens (1513-AUPF) have been deposited at the herbarium of Pharmaceutical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran. e collected tissue was dried under shade at room temperature
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