Abstract
In most cooperatively breeding birds, individuals direct helping behavior to close relatives. Western bluebirds live in family groups in winter and show a high degree of male philopatry. Sons disperse locally forming kin neighborhoods and occasionally help at their parents’ or brothers’ nests. Although the pattern of kin-directed helping is well established in birds, the mechanism of recog-nition is known in only a few cases. Here, we report on an experiment with western bluebirds (
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