Abstract
Vesicular nanocarriers have an important role in drug delivery and dietary supplements. Size control and optimization of encapsulation efficiency (EE) should be optimized for those applications. In this work, we report on the identification of the crucial step (injection, evaporation, or sonication) innanovesicles (transfersomes and niosomes) preparation by theethanol injection method (EI). The identification of each production step on the final vesicle size was analyzed in order to optimize further scale-up process. Results indicated that the final size of transfersomeswas clearly influenced by the sonication step while the final size of niosomes was mainly governed by the injection step. Measurements of final surface tension of the different vesicular systems prepared indicate a linear positive tendency with the vesicle size formed. This relation could help to better understand the process and design a vesicular size prediction model for EI. Vitamin D3 (VitD3) was encapsulated in the systems formulated with encapsulation efficiencies larger than 90%. Interaction between the encapsulated compound and the membrane layer components is crucial for vesicle stability. This work has an impact on the scaling-up production of vesicles for further food science applications.
Highlights
The use of vesicular systems as nanocarriers for bioactive compounds has significantly increased in recent years
Vitamin D3 (VitD3) is a hydrophobic molecule required in the human diet to maintain good health and well-being [1]
We have identified the crucial step for size control and scaling-up production of niosomes and transfersomes prepared by the ethanol injection method (EI) method
Summary
The use of vesicular systems as nanocarriers for bioactive compounds has significantly increased in recent years. Physico-chemical features of these systems allow to create easy-to-produce nano-scaled transporters for drug delivery or dietary supplements. They are able to encapsulate either polar compounds, in the inner aqueous compartment of the vesicle, or non-polar molecules, embedded in the membrane. Vitamin D3 (VitD3) is a hydrophobic molecule required in the human diet to maintain good health and well-being [1]. Calcitriol is the biological form of VitD3, which plays a critical role in osteoporosis prevention, enhancing calcium absorption on the human metabolism [2,3]
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