Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) levels have been gaining growing attention in Oral Health. During growth and adulthood, VD deficiency (VDD) is associated with a wide variety of oral health disorders, and impaired VD synthesis may expedite some of these conditions. In children, severe VDD can induce defective tooth mineralization, resulting in dentin and enamel defects. As a consequence, these defects may increase the risk of the onset and progression of dental caries. Further, VDD has been associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis and gingival inflammation, and several recent preclinical and clinical studies have unveiled potential pathways through which Vitamin D may interact with the periodontium. VDD correction through supplementation may contribute to a successful treatment of periodontitis; however, alveolar bone regeneration procedures performed in baseline VDD patients seem more prone to failure. Vitamin D may also be linked with some oral pathology entities such as certain oral cancers and events of osteonecrosis of the jaw. This review aims to provide comprehensive evidence of how VD levels should be considered to promote good oral health, and to summarize how VDD may hamper oral development and its role in certain oral conditions.
Highlights
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone obtained mainly from exposure to sunlight, and from diet and dietary supplements [1,2,3,4,5]
While Vitamin D2 is manufactured through ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol from yeast, Vitamin D3 results from ultraviolet irradiation of
7-dehydrocholesterol from lanolin [4,6,7] (Figure 1) exhibiting the biological activity of cholecalciferol, and it is synthesized in the human skin
Summary
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone obtained mainly from exposure to sunlight, and from diet and dietary supplements [1,2,3,4,5]. Foods naturally containing vitamin D are rare, and it can be found in oily fish (such as salmon, mackerel, and herring) and oils from fish (e.g., cod liver oil) [2]. Vitamin D is a generic name comprising Vitamin D2 and D3. While Vitamin D2 is manufactured through ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol from yeast, Vitamin D3 results from ultraviolet irradiation of. 7-dehydrocholesterol from lanolin [4,6,7] (Figure 1) exhibiting the biological activity of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), and it is synthesized in the human skin. Measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) is a widely accepted biomarker analysis for vitamin D status [3].
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