Visual sensitivity versus ecological sensitivity: An application of GIS in urban forest park planning

Abstract

Planning and management of forest parks have been contentious and challenging, as multiple and sometimes conflicting uses must be accommodated, especially in urban and peri-urban areas. Methodologies are thus needed to explore and evaluate development and conservation initiatives as a crucial part of sustainable planning and management process. In China, urban forest parks have been increasingly established aiming at satisfying the recreational demand of citizens in tandem with preserving diverse natural resources to safeguard the ecological resilience and adaptability of urban ecosystems. The transition from the traditional focus on recreational use (emphasizing the improvement of visitors’ visual quality and landscape aesthetics) to multiple uses including ecological and biological preservation (highlighting the minimization of ecological vulnerability) poses an urgent challenge for the planning and management of urban forest parks worldwide. In this study, a geographic information system (GIS) combined with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach is explored to objectively quantify and integrate the visual sensitivity and ecological sensitivity of the Tianzhu Mountain National Forest Park, Fujian province, South China. The visual sensitivity is evaluated based on three dimensions: slope, distance and visibility. And the ecological sensitivity is measured with regard to elevation, slope, aspect, forest type, and distance to river. By overlapping of the visual sensitivity and ecological sensitivity maps for the study site, three functional zones are pinpointed, including nature restoration/conservation zone (with high ecological sensitivity and low visual sensitivity or invisible), level 1 development zone (with high visual sensitivity and low/very low ecological sensitivity), as well as level 2 development zone (with moderate visual and ecological sensitivities). Compared with the existing long-term development plan, obvious discrepancies can be identified. Our results can provide scientific decision support for multiple use planning of the study site, and also demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology, which is comprehensive yet convenient, for the sustainable planning of urban and peri-urban forest parks.