Visceral leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia: From hundreds of cases to zero

Abstract

The kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has succeeded in bringing the reported numbers of Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases from hundreds during the 1980s and 1990s to zero case in 2019. The endemicity of VL has been confined mainly to the Southwest regions, namely Jazan and Aseer regions. Leishmania donovani species have been identified as the causative species of VL, while L. infantum have been isolated only from dogs in the endemic areas. Many species of sand flies were caught in Southwest, but P. orientalis is the probable transmitter of the disease. The black rat (Rattus ratus) was found to be contributing to maintenance of the parasite life cycle. VL is primarily a disease of children, and 80% of cases were Saudi's, while cases from Yeminis nationality represent the majority of non- Saudi patients. The common clinical presentation consist of chronic fever, abdominal distention, weight loss, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory findings include: anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperproteinaemia and hypergammaglobulinemia, low serum iron, and abnormal liver enzymes. Occurrence of jaundice has been identified as a bad prognostic sign. Diagnosis relying on direct smears from bone marrow aspirates was the commonest tool used, and also is advocated by the National Leishmaniasis Control Program (NLCP). Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) is the main drug used to treat VL cases, while Ambisome is preserved for complicated cases. Chemical control of sand flies using indoor residual spraying (IRS) with synthetic pyrethroids has been the most effective measure applied to prevent vector-human contact and disease transmission. The geographical overlap of VL and Malaria has facilitated the adoption and implementation of integrated vector control strategies. After reaching a zero case in 2019, the Ministry of Health (MoH) has a new commitment and facing a great challenge which are maintenance of current situation and elimination of VL. Through the support of stakeholders, encouragement of community participation, preparedness and readiness of leishmaniasis personnel, the new mission of the NLCP now is elimination of the scourge of VL from the country.