Abstract
The rapid advancement of genetically modified (GM) technology over the years has raised concerns about the safety of GM crops and foods for human health and the environment. Gene flow from GM crops may be a threat to the environment. Therefore, it is critical to develop reliable, rapid, and low-cost technologies for detecting and monitoring the presence of GM crops and crop products. Here, we used visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy to distinguish between GM and non-GM Brassica napus, B. juncea, and F1 hybrids (B. juncea X GM B. napus). The Vis-NIR spectra were preprocessed with different preprocessing methods, namely normalization, standard normal variate, and Savitzky–Golay. Both raw and preprocessed spectra were used in combination with eight different chemometric methods for the effective discrimination of GM and non-GM plants. The standard normal variate and support vector machine combination was determined to be the most accurate model in the discrimination of GM, non-GM, and hybrid plants among the many combinations (99.4%). The use of deep learning in combination with Savitzky–Golay resulted in 99.1% classification accuracy. According to the findings, it is concluded that handheld Vis-NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric analyses could be used to distinguish between GM and non-GM B. napus, B. juncea, and F1 hybrids.
Highlights
Tang et al [9] found the estimated frequencies of natural gene flow from the genetically modified (GM) B. napus to 10 different B. juncea cultivars in the field experiment varied from 0.08 to 0.93%
Standard normal variate (SNV) (Figure 1C) and normalization (Figure 1D) procedures were used to preprocess the spectra acquired from these plants
The difference in average reflectance between GM and non-GM B. napus, B. rapa, and F1 hybrids is thought to reflect the changes in hundreds of physicochemical constituents in the plant leaves
Summary
It has previously been reported that conventional and transgenic B. napus hybridize with B. juncea spontaneously or by hand pollination [5,6,7,8]. Little is known about the fitness of the F1 hybrid between B. juncea and B. napus in the environment. According to Lim et al [2], seeds from a hybrid of B. juncea and GM B. napus have shown an increase in dormancy and overwintering traits, suggesting that they could become soil seed banks. Seeds in such a seed bank can germinate again if they meet a favorable environment, leading to the formation of a feral population. If GM B. napus and hybrids (B. juncea X GM B. napus) can be quickly identified and removed, it will be useful to avoid the unintentional environmental release of transgenes and promote the safe management of GM B. napus
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