Abstract
We investigated removal of noroviruses, sapoviruses, and rotaviruses in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant by monitoring virus concentrations in wastewater samples during two gastroenteritis seasons and evaluating the adsorption of viruses to mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). Sapoviruses and rotaviruses were detected in 25% of MBR effluent samples with log reduction values of 3- and 2-logs in geometric mean concentrations, respectively, while noroviruses were detected in only 6% of the samples. We found that norovirus and sapovirus concentrations in the solid phase of mixed liquor samples were significantly higher than in the liquid phase (P<0.01, t test), while the concentration of rotaviruses was similar in both phases. The efficiency of adsorption of the rotavirus G1P[8] strain to MLSS was significantly less than norovirus GI.1 and GII.4 and sapovirus GI.2 strains (P<0.01, t test). Differences in the adsorption of viruses to MLSS may cause virus type-specific removal during the MBR treatment process as shown by this study.
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