Virulence-Related Genes Expression in Planktonic Mixed Cultures of Candida albicans and Non-Albicans Candida Species

Abstract

Introduction: Candida albicans is the most common opportunistic pathogen causing fungal infections worldwide, especially in high-risk patients. Its pathogenicity is related to virulence factors gene expression, such as hyphal growth (HWP1), cell adhesion (ALS3), and protease secretion (SAP1) during infection spreading mechanisms. In recent years, an increase in non-albicans Candida infections has been reported, which may present coinfection or competitive interactions with C. albicans, potentially aggravating the patient’s condition. This study aims to evaluate the expression of genes related to virulence factors of C. albicans and non-albicans Candida during planktonic stage. Methods: C. albicans (ATCC MYA-3573) as well as with three clinical strains (C. albicans DCA53, C. tropicalis DCT6, and C. parapsilosis DCP1) isolated from blood samples, were grown in 24-well plates at 37°C for 20 h, either in monocultures or mixed cultures. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression levels of the genes HWP1, ALS3, and SAP1 in cells collected during the planktonic stage. In addition, hyphal filamentation was observed using a Scanning Electron Microscope. Results: The overexpression of HWP1 and ASL3 genes in mixed growth conditions between C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species suggests a synergistic relationship as well as an increased capacity for hyphal growth and adhesion. In contrast, C. parapsilosis versus C. tropicalis interaction shows an antagonistic relationship during mixed culture, suggesting a decreased virulence profile of C. parapsilosis during initial coinfection with C. tropicalis. Conclusion: The expression of HWP1, ALS3, and SAP1 genes associated with virulence factors varies under competitive conditions among species of the genus Candida during planktonic stage.