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Abstract
The ocular surface is constantly exposed to pathogenic bacteria. Many Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria have been implicated in ocular infections, in non immunocompromised patients, causing severe vision impairment. These microorganisms have in their quiver a variety of arrows to cause infection. The aim of this study is to list the virulence factors of the main ocular pathogens. Data were extracted from PubMed and Google Scholar. <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>Streptococci, Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Corynebacterium (non-diphtheriae)</i> are the main culprits as far as Gram positive bacteria are concerned. <i>S. aureus</i> causes infections of the lacrimal apparatus, cornea and eyelids, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis. <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus</i> and <i>Streptococcus viridians</i> are isolated from post injection endophthalmitis cases. S. pneumoniae</i> is most involved in keratitis, conjunctivitis, and endophthalmitis. <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> is most involved in blepharitis and hospital acquired conjunctivitis in neonates in the intensive care unit. <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> is implicated in postoperative endophthalmitis cases. <i>Corynebacterium (non-diphtheriae) species</i> are involved mainly in infections complicating cataract surgery, keratoplasty, and vitrectomy. <i>Bacillus species</i> provoke conjunctivitis, keratitis and post-traumatic endophthalmitis. <i>Bacillus cereus</i> can cause rapidly destructive endophthalmitis. Among Gram negative bacteria, <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis</i>, and <i>Bartonella species</i> are major ocular pathogens, responsible for severe ocular damage. Gonococcal conjunctivitis (GC) is still a cause of blindness in some developing countries. When it occurs in neonates, it is called gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. <i>P. aeruginosa</i> is related to contact lens-associated keratitis. <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> is the culprit of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis. <i>Bartonella henselae</i> causes bartonellosis or cat scratch disease, or cat scratch fever. Eye infection includes optic neuropathy and neuroretinitis. When the eye is the primary site of inoculation, the patients are diagnosed with Parinaud oculo-glandular syndrome (infection of the conjunctiva, eyelid and adjacent skin with regional lymphadenopathy). Chronic <i>Bartonella</i> infection provokes blurred vision, photophobia and eye irritation. Comprehension of the mechanism of infection, caused by these pathogens, is crucial in diagnosis and treatment.
Highlights
The ocular surface is constantly exposed to the dangers of the environment, including pathogenic bacteria
The slime-glycolipoprotein of P. aeruginosa, produced during in vivo infection, leads to proinflammatory response by human monocytes. This is the result of the recognition of the bacterium by human monocytes through mannose receptor (MR) and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which act synergistically [26]
When the eye is the primary site of inoculation the patients are diagnosed with Parinaud oculo-glandular syndrome
Summary
The ocular surface is constantly exposed to the dangers of the environment, including pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, members of the Genus Streptococci, Corynebacterium (Non-diphtheriae) Species and Bacillus Species among Gram positive bacteria have evolved an arsenal that triggers inflammatory response and tissue damage [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. Ocular infections due to Gram negative bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Bartonella Species are still a challenge to deal with and to avoid their devastating eyesight impairment [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. The purpose of this review was to gather established and resent knowledge of the virulence factors of these bacteria, and to describe their mechanisms of ocular invasion and damage
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