Abstract
Infections caused by commensal organisms by changing to infectious life style generate much challenge to the current treatment strategies. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are one of them, with their coexisting biofilm forming and multiple antibiotic resistance properties form important agents of nosocomial infection. To evaluate species distribution, biofilm formation, and antibiogram, CoNS isolates from various clinical samples were isolated. The presence of biofilm and associated genes icaAB, aap, atlE, embp, bhp, and fbe in CoNS was screened by PCR. The biofilm chemical composition and its correlation with the genotypes were also analysed. Staphylococcus epidermidis (59%) was found to be the most prevalent CoNS species. Most of the CoNS isolates harboring biofilm gene showed carbohydrate-protein-eDNA biofilm, whereas carbohydrate-protein biofilms were also observed. High percentage of multiple drug resistance, and biofilm gene frequency among these CoNS isolates point towards the need of periodic surveillance as CoNS are recently identified to cause difficult to treat infections.
Highlights
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are commensal bacteria of skin, anterior nares, ear canals, and respiratory and gastrointestinal mucous membranes of humans and animals (Piette and Verschraegen 2009)
The clinical isolates were screened for icaAB, aap, bhp, atle, fbe, and embp genes which are involved in biofilm formation and attachment to biotic and abiotic surfaces by PCR using Sure Cycler 8800 (Agilent Technologies) (Iorio et al 2011; Rohde et al 2004)
Antibiotic resistance, and virulence factors of CoNS are of great significance because of their emerging role as pathogens
Summary
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are commensal bacteria of skin, anterior nares, ear canals, and respiratory and gastrointestinal mucous membranes of humans and animals (Piette and Verschraegen 2009). Severe life threatening infections caused by CoNS have changed its status from clinically insignificant contaminants to potential pathogens (Prasad et al 2012). The CoNS can form biofilms on the surfaces of medical devices and it can get introduced into the body through medical procedures involving device insertion. CoNS act as opportunistic pathogens causing nosocomial infections among immunocompromised, immunosuppressed, long-term hospitalized, and critically ill patients (Chu et al 2008). Among various CoNS, Staphylococcus epidermidis is the major cause of infections associated with catheters, surgical wounds, peritonitis, osteomyelitis, and endophthalmitis (Upadhyayula et al 2012). Other CoNS members like S. haemolyticus, S. saprophyticus, S. hominis, S. warneri, S. capitis, S. simulans, S. cohnii, S. xylosus, and S. saccharolyticus are shown to have role as opportunistic pathogens (Mack et al 2006)
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