Virulence and Molecular Characterization Reveal Signs of Sexual Genetic Recombination of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei in Tibet.

Abstract

Stripe rust of wheat and barley is caused by different formae speciales, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei (Psh), respectively. To understand the relationship between the populations of the two formae speciales, a total of 260 P. striiformis isolates, including 140 from barley and 120 from wheat collected from Linzhi, Tibet, China, from 2018 to 2020, were tested on 18 barley and 13 wheat genotypes and genotyped with 26 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers. As a result, 260 isolates were identified as 83 virulence phenotypes (VPs), 115 of which as 9 VPs and could infect only wheat (wheat population), 111 as 54 VPs and could infect only barley (barley population), and 34 belonged to 20 VPs that could infect both wheat and barley (mixed population). Of the 149 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) that were identified, 92 were from wheat, 56 from barley, and 1 from both wheat and barley. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity was high in the populations from wheat and barley. Low linkage disequilibrium was found in most of the sampling sites of both crops, indicating strong signs of sexual reproduction (|r̄d| = 0.022 to 0.393, P = 0.004 to 0.847), whereas it was not observed in the overall population (wheat and barley sources) and the wheat, barley, and mixed populations, which may be because of the complex composition of isolates. Population structure analyses based on phenotyping and SNP-KASP genotypes supported the separation of the two formae speciales. However, MLGs and clusters containing isolates from both wheat and barley obviously indicated sexual genetic recombination between the two formae speciales. The results of the study provided an insight into evolution of Pst and Psh and showed the importance of management strategies for stripe rust of wheat and barley in regions where both crops are grown.