Abstract
In recent years, distributed energy resources (DERs) have faced numerous challenges, including the inability to participate in the market and control output. These issues gave rise to the concept of a virtual power plant. This paper examines the participation of virtual power plants in the day ahead (DA), reserve (RES), and real-time (RT) markets for distributed energy resources such as electrical and thermal storage, wind turbines, combined heat and power (CHP), diesel generators, electric vehicles, and controllable and uncontrollable loads. Optimization is carried out using a MILP problem, with network constraints, production unit constraints, electric vehicle charging, and responsive loads all taken into account. In this paper, simulations are run on a 21-bus IEEE network to evaluate the proposed method.
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