Power exchanging of a VPP with its neighboring VPPs and participating in Day-ahead and spinning reserve markets

Abstract

The virtual power plant (VPP) is a concept that aggregates various distributed energy resources (DERs) and allows them to participate in different wholesale markets. This article presents an optimal operation of two VPPs connected by transmission lines. The VPPs consist of combined heat and power (CHP), renewables units such as wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) power plants, diesel generators, electrical and thermal storages, electric vehicles, controllable and uncontrollable loads. In addition to exchanging power with each other, the mentioned VPPs can also participate in electricity markets such as day-ahead (DA) and spinning reserve markets. Optimization is carried out using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, considering network, generation units, electric vehicles, and demand responsive constraints all taken into account. The proposed method, also simulated on the IEEE 21-bus and 33-bus test network.