Abstract
Shrimp is one of the most valuable aquaculture species globally, and the most internationally traded seafood product. Consequently, shrimp aquaculture practices have received increasing attention due to their high value and levels of demand, and this has contributed to economic growth in many developing countries. The global production of shrimp reached approximately 6.5 million t in 2019 and the shrimp aquaculture industry has consequently become a large-scale operation. However, the expansion of shrimp aquaculture has also been accompanied by various disease outbreaks, leading to large losses in shrimp production. Among the diseases, there are various viral diseases which can cause serious damage when compared to bacterial and fungi-based illness. In addition, new viral diseases occur rapidly, and existing diseases can evolve into new types. To address this, the review presented here will provide information on the DNA and RNA of shrimp viral diseases that have been designated by the World Organization for Animal Health and identify the latest shrimp disease trends.
Highlights
The shrimp aquaculture industry has grown rapidly in previous decades due to increasing consumer demand, and it has contributed significantly to the socio-economic development of coastal communities in many developing countries [1]
The main target organs following Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) infection are the cuticular epithelium of the gills, appendages, hindgut, foregut, and general body cuticle, and the lesion can spread to the underlying subcuticular connective tissue and striated muscle, and even the hematopoietic tissue, antennal gland, testes, and ovaries can become infected
The main target organs following TSV infection are the cuticular epithelium of the gills, appendages, hindgut, foregut, and general body cuticle, and the lesion can spread to the underlying subcuticular connective tissue and isntrfeiactteiodnmtouscchlreo, nanicdinevfeecntitohnebheegminastowpiotihettihcetisshseude,dainngteonfntahleglmanedla,ntiezsetedse, axnosdkoevleatroiensacnadn rbeescuommpetiionnfeoctfetdh.e molt cycle [136]
Summary
The shrimp aquaculture industry has grown rapidly in previous decades due to increasing consumer demand, and it has contributed significantly to the socio-economic development of coastal communities in many developing countries [1]. With the increase in global shrimp aquaculture production, mass mortality caused by Viruses 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEWfrequent disease outbreaks has become a major obstacle for the industry. Prior to 2000, P. monodon was the predominant aquaculture shrimp species in Asia, but the disease-free SPF (specific pathogen free) species P. vannamei began to increase as a replacement species (Figure 3). WSSV proliferates in the nucleus of the target cell in the subcuticular epithelium, gills, lymphoid organs, antennal glands, hematopoietic tissue, connective tissue, ovaries, and recognized by the characteristic white spots on the carapace, but WSSV infection does not always show symptoms of white spots and cannot be considered as a reliable indication for the diagnosis of disease, as some bacterial infections, high alkalinity, and stress can produce similar spots [48]. Biosecurity measures (specific pathogen-free (SPF) broodstock, complete dry-out of culture tanks after harvest, low water exchange systems such as RAS), restricting access to vectors and pathogens (through crab fence, bird blocking, and foot baths in shrimp farm entrance), and improving disease resistance (immunostimulants, neutralization, environmental management and vaccines) in shrimp are effective management methods, as there is currently no way to treat WSSV infection [20]
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