Abstract
A major constraint limiting the shrimp production is diseases. Shrimp aquaculture is an important industry in many countries especially Southeast Asia and Iran. In cultured pond, the shrimp may be infected with several pathogens such as several viruses. There are at least six lethal viruses affecting penaeid shrimps production in the world especially Southeast Asia and Thailand. However, known viral pathogen in shrimp is about 20. They have been identified from 1970. Incidence of infection in artificial condition is more than nature. The 6 viruses are very important and they cause serious problem for shrimp cultivation and economic losses. They are consisting of HPV, IHHNV, MBV, TSV, WSSV and YHV. Two of them are highly pathogenic and lethal in shrimp such as WSSV and TSV. Shrimp aquaculture is a successful activity. Despite this success, annual production decreased in the latter because of widespread epidemics (epizootics) caused by new viral pathogens. Molecular diagnostic methods such as PCR are tools to detection viral diseases in shrimp in many parts of the world. Pathological methods and electron microscopy are good tools to detection viral disease especially at the first outbreak. Sanitary methods are the best way to control and prevention of viral diseases.
Highlights
Shrimp farming in the Asia-Pacific region is one of the most lucrative aquaculture sectors
RNA viruses which are infectious for shrimp contain: Yellow-head virus (YHV), Gill associated virus (GAV), LOV, Taura syndrome virus (TSV), Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), Methods AppendixMourilyan virus (MOV), Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV), XSV and Laem Singh virus (LSNV)
Even though monodon baculovirus (MBV) is not a severe pathogen for the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), it should be eliminated from the farming system because it is unlikely that shrimp could carry such heavy viral infections without paying some price [5]
Summary
The XSV (extra small virus) is a satellite virus particles are about 15 nm in diameter and serologically unrelated to those of MrNV. Extra small virus (XSV) may cause disease of shrimp and may produce white tail disease (WTD). It is may responsible for mortality in post-larvae of M. rosenbergii in the hatcheries and nurseries [8,96]. It has reported the presence of XSV in addition to MrNV in WTD-infected postlarvae of freshwater prawns in India. XSV does not cause mortality in marine shrimp as observed in adult freshwater prawn [8,104]. With the exception of baculovirus midgut gland necrosis virus (BMNV), none have been reported to be the cause of serious or widespread economic losses, and they are not covered in this review
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