Abstract
BackgroundVinegar has been recognized as an effective antimicrobial agent for long. This study intended to elucidate the effect of commercially available vinegar on in situ pellicle formation and existing 24-h biofilms.MethodsIn situ biofilm formation took place on bovine enamel slabs mounted in individual splints and exposed intraorally over 3 min and 24 h, respectively. After 5 s rinsing with vinegar, all samples were analyzed via fluorescence microscopy (FM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, salivary samples were collected and analyzed via FM. Samples with water rinsing served as controls.ResultsVinegar caused destruction of the pellicle. Compared to the control group, vinegar rinsing reduced the outer globular layer of the pellicle (p < 0.001), and resulted in formation of subsurface pellicle. Also, vinegar rinsing could reduce bacterial viability and disrupt the 24-h biofilm. Total bacteria amount of saliva samples decreased remarkably (p < 0.001) after vinegar rinsing within 30 min. Reduction of bacterial viability was observed even 120 min after vinegar rinsing in both biofilm and saliva sample (p < 0.001).ConclusionThis in situ study reveals that rinsing with vinegar for only 5 s alters the pellicle layer resulting in subsurface pellicle formation. Furthermore, vinegar rinsing will destruct mature (24-h) biofilms, and significantly reduce the viability of planktonic microbes in saliva, thereby decreasing biofilm formation.
Highlights
IntroductionThis study intended to elucidate the effect of commercially available vinegar on in situ pellicle formation and existing 24-h biofilms
Vinegar has been recognized as an effective antimicrobial agent for long
The undiluted vinegar can effectively remove the bacteria from dentures, which will not cause oral mucosal damage even if residual vinegar remains on the denture [6]. The explanation for this might be that vinegar affects cell membrane function, leading to transmembrane proton motility destruction [7, 8], as well as other factors such as inhibition of enzyme activity [9], energy competition and inhibition of bacterial protein expression [10]. Vinegar has such antibacterial effects, there is few research of vinegar applied to the oral biofilm
Summary
This study intended to elucidate the effect of commercially available vinegar on in situ pellicle formation and existing 24-h biofilms. Among many other natural antibacterial agents, vinegar is often used for the prevention and treatment of diseases because of its low pH value. Different studies have reported that ear irrigation with diluted vinegar can be effective in the treatment of ear infections, such as chronic suppurative. Vinegar has such antibacterial effects, there is few research of vinegar applied to the oral biofilm. The present study aims to investigate the effect of commercially available vinegar on in situ formation of the initial pellicle and on 24-h biofilms, as well as on salivary bacteria
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