Views of Design Students on Improvements in Critical Thinking Through PBL in China's HyFlex Environment

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This study explores how problem-based learning (PBL) in a hybrid-flexible (HyFlex) environment has affected critical thinking skills among Chinese university students. Recognizing the importance of critical thinking in producing quality design solutions, the authors involved a mixed-methods approach including quantitative research using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and qualitative analyses. Pretests and posttests with 30 students revealed significant improvements in critical thinking. The findings led to seven proposed teaching strategies, offering insights into the effectiveness of PBL and its implications for future educational practices.