Abstract
The personality traits we have and the closeness we experience in our relationships inevitably color the lenses through which we perceive social interactions. As such, the varying perceptions of our social relationships could indicate underlying differences in neural processes that occur in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region involved in social cognition. However, little is known of how personality traits and relationship closeness with others influence brain responses when viewing social interactions between kin (i.e., siblings) and non-kin (i.e., romantic, friends) partners. In the present study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was employed to investigate prefrontal cortical activation patterns in response to three 1-min mute video clips depicting a male–female couple interacting with comparably mild levels of affection while baking, exercising, and eating. The context of the interaction was manipulated by informing participants about the type of relationship each couple in the three video clips was in: (a) romantic partners, (b) friends, or (c) siblings. By changing only the contextual labels of the videos, we revealed distinct PFC responses to relationship type as a function of openness trait, closeness with romantic partner, and closeness with siblings. As openness score increased, we observed an enhanced activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the left anterior PFC (aPFC), and the right frontal eye fields (FEFs) in response to the video labeled romantic and friendship, but a reduction in these areas in the siblings condition. Similarly, individuals with higher romantic and sibling closeness showed increased activation in the IFG and dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) in response to romantic and friendship conditions, but decreased activation in the siblings condition. Differences in PFC activations toward romantic, friendship, and sibling relationships reflect underlying variations in the cognitive processing of social interactions, depending on the personality (i.e., openness) and experiences (i.e., relationship closeness) of the individual, as well as the relationship type with which the interaction is labeled.
Highlights
Human affiliations are entrenched in interpersonal love, which has been described as a deep sense of close attachment between two people (Berschied and Peplau, 1983)
No significant difference was observed between the correlation coefficients of romantic condition and openness (RO) and SO, as well as RO and FO. (b) In the left anterior PFC (aPFC) (BA10L—Channel 6), Pearson’s product– moment correlation revealed a negative correlation between siblings condition and openness (SO; r = −0.344, t = −2.93, df = 64, p = 0.005, power = 0.811), and a positive correlation between friendship condition and openness (FO; r = 0.281, t = 2.34, df = 64, p = 0.022, power = 0.628)
The principal aim of this study was to investigate the difference in prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation when participants viewed social interactions between male–female kin and non-kin pairs, as a function of personality traits and relationship closeness
Summary
Human affiliations are entrenched in interpersonal love, which has been described as a deep sense of close attachment between two people (Berschied and Peplau, 1983). Within low fertility social environments, that is, societies with fertility rates that are lower than the replacement rate of 2.1, where individuals have fewer siblings and cousins, human non-kin relationships are becoming increasingly significant in our lives. The amount of social investment that is required for us to maintain kin and nonkin relationships starkly differs. While the former is perceived to be more stable and granted, the latter requires constant monitoring and personal commitment (Stewart-Williams, 2007; Rotkirch et al, 2014). Given the extensive involvement of prefrontal areas in sociocognitive processes, we postulate that the PFC is likely to govern differences in perception of social interactions
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