Abstract
Owing to the combination of windsurfing, snowboarding, wakeboarding, and paragliding, kiteboarding has gained an enormous number of fans worldwide. Enthusiasts compete to achieve the maximum height and length of jumps, speed, or total distance travelled. Several commercially available systems have been developed to measure these parameters. However, practice shows that the accuracy of the implemented sensors is debatable. In this study, we examined the accuracy of jump heights determined by sensors WOO2 and WOO3, and the Surfr app installed on an Apple iPhone SE 2016, compared to a combination of videogrammetric and geodetic measurements. These measurements were performed using four cameras located on the shore of the Danube River at Šamorín, Slovakia. The videogrammetrically-determined accuracy of jump heights was 0.03–0.09 m. This can be considered a reference for comparing the accuracy of off-the-shelf systems. The results show that all of the systems compared tend to overestimate jump heights, including an increase in error with increasing jump height. For jumps over 5 m, the deviations reached more than 20% of the actual jump height.
Highlights
Kiteboarding is a relatively young adrenaline sport [1,2]
Because all ground control points (GCPs) were in the lower half of the images, step 6 was performed to increase the accuracy of the orientation of the images, including the targets on the board in the upper half of the image
When compared to commercial systems such as Surfr, WOO2, and WOO3, variations in the estimated jump height were related to the determination of the zero jump level in addition to the accuracy of the videogrammetry and wearable sensors
Summary
Kiteboarding (or kitesurfing, depending on the region in which the term is used) is a relatively young adrenaline sport [1,2]. Videogrammetry has long been successfully used in the analyses of various sports It is based on photogrammetric principles and uses several cameras to allow the evaluation of 3D coordinates based on 2D measurements of image coordinates. Photogrammetry is often associated with geodetic measurements to determine the coordinates of ground control points (GCPs), which allow the transformation of photogrammetrically-determined 3D model coordinates into a 3D reference coordinate system This ensures the correct translation, rotation, and scaling to the coordinate system in which the experiment needs to be analysed. GCPs are useful in determining the relative and exterior orientation (the position and rotation of the camera at the time of exposure) of the images, minimising possible deformations of the camera network The measurement of these points can be performed with millimetre accuracy using surveying equipment, such as a total station [21]. Given the advantages of videogrammetry, we set two specific goals for this study: (1) to determine the accuracy of selected wearable sensors at various jump heights and (2) to investigate the assertion that the selected sensors overestimate jump height
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