Vibrational Spectroscopy-Based Chemometrics Analysis of Clinacanthus nutans Extracts after Postharvest Processing and Extract Effects on Cardiac C-Kit Cells.

Vuanghao Lim,Siti Aisyah Abd Ghafar,Ida Shazrina Ismail,Jun Jie Tan,Chee Yuen Gan,Nozlena Abdul Samad,Rafeezul Mohamed,Yoke Keong Yong,Hui Wen Chong,Mohamed Z.M Salem

doi:10.1155/2022/1967593

Abstract

Chemical constituents in plants can be greatly affected by postharvest processing, and it is important to identify the factors that lead to significant changes in chemistry and bioactivity. In this study, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze extracts of Clinacanthus nutan (C. nutans) leaves generated using different parameters (solvent polarities, solid-liquid ratios, ultrasonic durations, and cycles of extraction). In addition, the effects of these extracts on the viability of cardiac c-kit cells (CCs) were tested. The IR spectra were processed using SIMCA-P software. PCA results of all tested parameter sets were within acceptable values. Solvent polarity was identified as the most influential factor to observe the differences in chemical profile and activities of C. nutans extracts. Ideal extraction conditions were identified, for two sample groups (G1 and G2), as they showed optimal total phenolic content (TPC) yield of 44.66 ± 0.83 mg GAE/g dw and 45.99 ± 0.29 mg GAE/g dw and CC viability of 171.81 ± 4.06% and 147.53 ± 6.80%, respectively. Validation tools such as CV-ANOVA (p < 0.05) and permutation (R2 and Q2 plots were well intercepted to each other) have further affirmed the significance and reliability of the partial least square (PLS) model of solvent polarity employed in extraction. Hence, these approaches help optimize postharvest processes that encourage positive TPC and CCs results in C. nutans extracts.

Highlights

Belalai Gajah or Sabah Snake Grass, scientifically known as Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau, is a perennial herb that belongs to the family of Acanthaceae. e herb C. nutans is a herb found natively in ailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and China [1,2,3]
Other studies reported a similar result [44, 45] in which C. nutans extract produced by reflux extraction yielded the highest total phenolic content (TPC) at the same solvent polarity (25% ethanol). is higher TPC yield was because the higher water content in the 25% ethanol system caused the plant material to swell, increasing the contact between solvent and plant matrix [46]
Conclusion e application of the ATR-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) chemometrics approach revealed sample variation in each tested parameter set via their respective principal component analysis (PCA) models

Summary

Introduction

Belalai Gajah or Sabah Snake Grass, scientifically known as Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau, is a perennial herb that belongs to the family of Acanthaceae. e herb C. nutans is a herb found natively in ailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and China [1,2,3]. C. nutans plant was reported to contain steroids, terpenoids [17], phenolics [18,19,20], and other bioactive substances such as sulfur-containing glucosides [21], chlorophyll derivatives [22, 23], benzenoids [10], and lipids [24]. Studies have reported that the adult heart possesses endogenous cardiac c-kit cells that can regenerate dead myocardium [26, 27], and they can be activated from the quiescent state by growth factors [28] or by factors and matrices secreted by mesenchymal stem cells [29,30,31]. An alternative remedy sourced from the plant has been studied in Geum japonicum extract and was reported to be helpful for myocardial regeneration [33]. C. nutans, a widely grown local herb, may prove to be helpful for treating heart disease. C. nutans, a widely grown local herb, may prove to be helpful for treating heart disease. e herb can potentially prevent insulin resistance-induced cardiovascular diseases by reducing metabolic effects and transcriptional changes induced by a high fat and high cholesterol diet [34]

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Conclusion