Abstract
Laparoscopic castration of cryptorchid or hemicastrated horses is a viable surgical technique; however, transection of the spermatic chord to induce avascular necrosis of testicular tissue that is left in place can result in revascularization with subsequent production of testosterone and stallion-like behavior. Endocrine tests, such as determination of testosterone concentration and the human chorionic gonadotropin response test, can be used to identify horses that presumably have been castrated but have viable testicular tissue.
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