Abstract
Modeling techniques for the prediction of vertical array response to shipping-dominated ambient noise in range-dependent environments are described, making use of the RANDI-2 noise model and the SUPERSNAP normal mode model. Detailed modeling for two sites in the central Mediterranean is carried out, which includes propagation of shipping noise via both upslope and downslope paths, together with small wind noise contributions. Results for frequencies of 300 and 600 Hz are compared with data taken on the SACLANT Centre vertical array in 1984–85, which showed, at one site, a dual-arrival structure with maximum noise at elevation angles of ±15° from the horizontal, and at a second site, a single broad lobe at the horizontal. The models successfully predict these two frequently observed structures. It is demonstrated that the noise from horizontal directions is due to downslope propagation from sources in shallow coastal water. Further model runs allow the prediction of vertical array response for different frequencies, array depths, and season. Results show that the dual-arrival structure of the first site for 300 Hz collapses to a single lobe structure at 50 Hz.
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