Abstract
The vertical directionalities of the ambient noise and a distance source are usually not same. Utilizing their difference, one can steer the array carefully to improve the output signal to noise ratio (SNR) and increase the passive detection range against a submerged target in shallow water. Due to the multipath effect, the signal will not always arrive from the horizontal direction. The directional response of the vertical line array (VLA) to a distance source can be expressed in terms of the modal beams weighted in accordance to the normal mode amplitude. This modal representation offers the physical interpretation of the vertical directionality of the source in terms of normal modes. When the short VLA lies at the lower sound speed water column and the high frequency source locates at the larger sound speed water column, there always exists a notch in the horizontal direction. The vertical directionality of the source has been validated using the Mediterranean data.
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