Abstract
In parallel RF pulse design, peak RF magnitudes and specific absorption rate levels are critical concerns in the hardware and safety limits. The variable rate selective excitation (VERSE) method is an efficient technique to limit the peak RF power by applying a local‐only RF and gradient waveform reshaping while retaining the on‐resonance profile. The accuracy of the excitation performed by the VERSEd RF and gradient waveforms strictly depends on the performance of the employed hardware. Any deviation from the nominal gradient fields as a result of frequency dependent system imperfections violates the VERSE condition similarly to off‐resonance effects, leading to significant excitation errors and the RF pulse not converging to the targeted peak RF power. Moreover, for iterative VERSE‐guided RF pulse design (i.e. reVERSE), the k‐space trajectory actually changes at every iteration, which is assumed to be constant. In this work, we show both theoretically and experimentally the effect of gradient system imperfections on iteratively VERSEd parallel RF excitations. In order to improve the excitation accuracy besides limiting the RF power below certain thresholds, we propose to integrate gradient field monitoring or gradient impulse response function (GIRF) estimations of the actual gradient fields into the RF pulse design problem. A third‐order dynamic field camera comprising a set of NMR field sensors and GIRFs was used to measure or estimate the actual gradient waveforms that are involved in the VERSE algorithm respectively. The deviating and variable k‐space is counteracted at each iteration of the VERSE‐guided iterative RF pulse design. The proposed approaches are demonstrated for accelerated multiple‐channel spatially selective RF pulses, and highly improved experimental performance was achieved at both 3 T and 7 T.
Highlights
Beyond typical imaging experiments, where excitation of sharp slice profiles is desired, RF pulses with spatial selectivity in multiple dimensions are primarily used to shape the spatial flip‐angle distribution.[1]
To push the excitation accuracy, besides limiting the RF power below certain thresholds by preserving the variable rate selective excitation (VERSE) condition for every reVERSE iteration, we propose to integrate gradient field monitoring using a dynamic field camera or gradient impulse response function (GIRF) estimations of the actual gradient fields into the RF pulse design problem
By applying the reVERSE method, the peak RF magnitude was gradually reduced below the target magnitude (12 μT) in five iterations
Summary
Beyond typical imaging experiments, where excitation of sharp slice profiles is desired, RF pulses with spatial selectivity in multiple dimensions are primarily used to shape the spatial flip‐angle distribution.[1] the practical application of tailored RF pulses is generally hampered by long pulse durations. A simple alternative to tackle such an RF power control problem is the variable rate selective excitation (VERSE) method, which uses local reshaping of RF pulses and gradient waveforms.[7,8,9,10,11] Because the RF power constraint is handled by applying a variable rate stretching or shrinking to the gradient design problem, VERSE is a faster method than constrained numerical optimization by altering the gradient waveforms directly.
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