Abstract
Abstract A universal active biquad based on the second-generation current conveyors (CClls) is introduced. Arbitrary biquadratic transfer functions are realized with single output. With multiple outputs four sets of four different filter characteristics can be provided simultaneously. The filter parameters of all realizations are controllable by tuning grounded resistors. Analysis shows that the biquad has very low sensitivities and the tracking errors of CClls can be completely compensated by using associated resistors. In addition, all capacitors in the biquad are grounded, which is ideal for integration. The method of analysis and compensation of the CCII tracking errors proposed can also be used in other CClI-based signal processing circuits.
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