Abstract
The presence of a stable stratified gas cloud inside the containment near or at the flammability limit may lead to deflagration or even detonation which may challenge the containment and cause a radioactive material release into the environment. To mitigate this risk, a number of approaches have been proposed, for example, containment inerting or venting and use of passive autocatalytic recombiners or igniters. However, for these measures to be effective, a thorough analysis of the hydrogen dispersion and associated phenomena is indispensable during the design phase as well as the mitigation phase during a severe accident. In this work, a MAAP analysis is performed to assess the hydrogen risk in a typical pressurized water reactor (PWR) containment. An extended station blackout (SBO) was chosen as an initiating event given its high contribution to the core damage frequency. RCS depressurization and external injection are mitigation techniques implemented consecutively to extend the coping capability of the plant for the extended SBO scenario. A sensitivity study is performed to select the combination of timing and flow rate that generate the most severe case for the “in-vessel phase of hydrogen generation.” Subsequently, a number of passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) were implemented to mitigate the hydrogen risk during the first three days of the accident. The Shapiro diagram is used to assess the flammability condition of the containment atmosphere based on MAAP analysis. The results show that the gas mixture composition is acceptable in the majority of the containment compartments and only marginally acceptable in the cavity. Even under the conservative conditions of the accident, the simulation results confirmed the sufficiency of recombiners alone without igniters in the low hydrogen concentration zones, while for compartments close to the sources, additional mitigation may be needed.
Highlights
In any hypothetical severe accident, oxidation of the fuel cladding at the high temperatures of the core may occur leading to production and release of hydrogen into the containment building
E presence of a stable stratified gas cloud inside the containment near or at the flammability limit may lead to deflagration or even detonation which may result in breaching the containment and releasing radioactive material into the environment
station blackout (SBO) concurrent with loss of offsite power (LOOP) was chosen as an initiating event based on the APR1400 Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) study
Summary
In any hypothetical severe accident, oxidation of the fuel cladding at the high temperatures of the core may occur leading to production and release of hydrogen into the containment building. When hydrogen mixes with the oxygen present in the containment atmosphere, flammable gas pockets may form locally even in presence of steam. E presence of a stable stratified gas cloud inside the containment near or at the flammability limit may lead to deflagration or even detonation which may result in breaching the containment and releasing radioactive material into the environment. To mitigate this risk, a number of approaches have been proposed, for example, containment inerting or venting and use of passive autocatalytic recombiners or igniters. For these measures to be effective, a thorough analysis of the hydrogen dispersion and associated phenomena is indispensable during the design phase as well as the mitigation phase during a severe accident.
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