Abstract
This paper presents an optimised bidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) operation, based on a fleet of Electric Vehicles (EVs) connected to a distributed power system, through a network of charging stations. The system is able to perform day-ahead scheduling of EV charging/discharging to reduce EV ownership charging cost through participating in frequency and voltage regulation services. The proposed system is able to respond to real-time EV usage data and identify the required changes that must be made to the day-ahead energy prediction, further optimising the use of EVs to support both voltage and frequency regulation. An optimisation strategy is established for V2G scheduling, addressing the initial battery State Of Charge (SOC), EV plug-in time, regulation prices, desired EV departure time, battery degradation cost and vehicle charging requirements. The effectiveness of the proposed system is demonstrated using a standardized IEEE 33-node distribution network integrating five EV charging stations. Two case studies have been undertaken to verify the contribution of this advanced energy supervision approach. Comprehensive simulation results clearly show an opportunity to provide frequency and voltage support while concurrently reducing EV charging costs, through the integration of V2G technology, especially during on-peak periods when the need for active and reactive power is high.
Highlights
Electric Vehicles (EVs) play a vital role in dealing with the fossil-fuel energy crises and reducing carbon emissions
This paper presents a novel control system to underpin bidirectional V2G operation using a fleet of EVs, allowing the V2G aggregator to provide frequency and voltage regulation services to the power grid, minimizing the charging cost, maximizing the V2G operational benefit and minimizing the level of battery degradation
For the simulation strategy consideration is given to the evaluation of the proposed scheme is presented in detail based on the realtime data acquired from [25]
Summary
Electric Vehicles (EVs) play a vital role in dealing with the fossil-fuel energy crises and reducing carbon emissions. This paper presents a novel control system to underpin bidirectional V2G operation using a fleet of EVs, allowing the V2G aggregator to provide frequency and voltage regulation services to the power grid, minimizing the charging cost, maximizing the V2G operational benefit and minimizing the level of battery degradation. Optimal aggregation strategies are proposed to reduce the cost functions related to energy cost for a pre-defined set of grid utilities or even the charging price for EVs owners These strategies often consider different ancillary service markets such as regulation, peak power and cost minimization. The solution to the optimisation problem provides an optimal scheduling scheme which minimizes the total cost of EV operation and maximizes the total benefit of EVs ownership participating in frequency and voltage grid support. In the US the average car is driven only one hour a day [15]; over 92% of vehicles are parked and potentially available to the grid during even within the peak traffic hours [16]
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