Vegetation profile and ecological traits in irrigated plains of semi-arid regions: A case study of Okara, Punjab Pakistan

Abstract

Comprehensive botanical assessments are pivotal for understanding the intricate world of plant biodiversity. These assessments serve multifaceted purposes, from cataloging significant plant species within a region to aiding in conservation, monitoring protected areas, and providing valuable data for various scientific disciplines. The primary objective was to assess the vegetation profile and ecological traits in this region, conduct a comprehensive floristic inventory, categorize species, and investigate adaptability to semi-arid conditions within the irrigated plains of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. Comprehensive botanical assessments were conducted to document the floristic composition and ecological characteristics of the region. A total of 135 plant species, belonging to 118 genera and 46 families, were identified. Notably, Poaceae and Fabaceae were the most prominent families. The study revealed diverse growth habits, with herbaceous plants being the most abundant. Life form analysis indicated Therophytes as the dominant category, and Microphylls were the most prevalent leaf type. Flowering phenology analysis highlighted two major flowering periods, primarily influenced by plant habit and size. Habitat-wise distribution demonstrated variations in species preferences, with unique associations observed in forest, vegetable, maize, paddy, and mustard fields. Invasive species accounted for 16.93% of the flora, with several herbs, shrubs, and trees identified as invasive. These findings contribute valuable insights into the botanical diversity and ecological traits of the Okara region, with implications for biodiversity conservation and land management strategies.