Vector rogue waves in a carbon nanotube mode-locked fiber laser

Abstract

Mechanisms of rogue waves (RWs) emergence have been extensively studied in fiber lasers with nonlinearly driven cavities [1], Raman fiber amplifiers and lasers [2], and fiber lasers via modulation of the pump [3]. Previously, it has been found that RWs can be emerged because of soliton-soliton interaction through the overlapping of their tails or soliton-dispersive wave interaction. The result of these interactions is a coupling enhancement that leads to chaotic pulse bunching in the form of soliton rain at the time scale of a round-trip time in a high pump power (800 mW) [4]. Such interaction can be controlled by the pump power modulation or/and by injecting a weak seeding signal and noise. Here, we report for the first time the observation of the soliton rain and soliton-soliton interaction that leads to the optical rogue wave emergence in a carbon nano-tube saturable absorber mode-locked fiber laser at low pump power (140mW) without pump modulation or injecting a weak signal and noise to the laser cavity. As we shown recently [5] that by tuning the interaction of two orthogonal-states of polarization (SOP) of the in-cavity birefringent and also the pump SOP whereas the polarization instability leading to the emergence of different optical RW events.